Fortalecer la protección de niñas, niños y adolescentes no acompañados en México
El próximo 4 de diciembre de 2024 se conmemora el 10º Aniversario de la vigencia de la Ley General de Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en México (LGDNNA). Con ella, México sentó un precedente fundamental en el reconocimiento de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes (NNA) como titulares de derechos y en la protección prioritaria de la infancia en movilidad.
"A una década de su implementación, en KIND celebramos las contribuciones de la Ley que marcan incluso una pauta regional y global sobre la mirada que debemos tener hacia la niñez y adolescencia en movilidad," señaló la Directora de Política y Incidencia de KIND en México, Elba Coria Márquez. "La LGDNNA defiende una mirada que coloca al centro de toda decisión gubernamental el interés superior de la niñez, prioriza la participación infantil y la protección y restitución de sus derechos por su sola condición de niña, niño y adolescente en situación de vulnerabilidad," agregó.
Una legislación tan vanguardista en México ha significado múltiples retos, destacando entre ellos los de tipo presupuestario, de sensibilización social y generación de capacidades técnicas y de especialización a todos los niveles de gobierno. No solo en materia de infancia, sino de derechos humanos y grupos particularmente vulnerados.
“Si bien persisten retos y se enfrentan nuevos dilemas para garantizar que la niñez y adolescencia en movilidad encuentre en México la protección integral de derechos que requiere y a la que tiene derecho. Gracias a la LGDNNA, ha sido posible avanzar e incluso lograr cambios sumamente importantes para la niñez en movilidad. Destacan entre éstos”:
• La protección y restitución prioritaria de sus derechos, por encima de consideraciones de política migratoria.
• La creación desde el Sistema de Protección Integral de Niñas, Niñas y Adolescentes (SIPINNA) Nacional y los SIPINNA de varios estados - como Veracruz y Chihuahua -y algunos municipios como Tapachula, de Comisiones Especiales de Protección a la Infancia migrante y con necesidades de protección internacional funcionales, desde los que se coordinan acciones y generan políticas públicas de atención y protección entre las diversas autoridades.
• La aprobación de una Ruta de Protección Integral de derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en movilidad, aprobada por el Ejecutivo Federal, los gobernadores y demás autoridades que conforman el SIPINNA para su adopción también a nivel estatal y municipal.
• La obligación de las Procuradurías de Protección de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes de activar los procedimientos de protección especial para determinar el interés superior de cada NNA en movilidad y dictar las medidas que deben cumplir las distintas autoridades del país, incluido el INM, para garantizar su bienestar y restitución integral de derechos.
• La reunificación familiar como un derecho y principio clave a observa en las NNA en movilidad que experimentan la separación sus familias por motivo de la migración y que posibilita el reunirles con sus seres queridos, ya sea en México o en un tercer país, si así lo dicta su interés superior y la protección efectiva de sus derechos.
• La prohibición legal de la detención migratoria de niñas, niños y adolescentes por motivo de su ingreso o permanencia migratoria irregular. Hoy en día, la mayor parte de la niñez y adolescencia en movilidad no es privada de su libertad por el Instituto Nacional de Migración en estaciones migratorias.
• La obligación de canalizar inmediatamente a NNA no acompañados a espacios de cuidado apropiados para su bienestar y atención a cargo de los Sistemas DIF del país. Esto ha dado lugar no solo a que los sistemas DIF con financiamiento del gobierno federal generar espacios de acogimiento a la niñez y adolescencia no acompañada y también para niñez acompañada de sus familias. Actualmente, se estima que existen más de 70 espacios especializados en el país.
• La obligación legal del INM de expedir tarjetas de visitante por razones humanitarias a NNA migrantes y familiares adultos que le acompañan. Medida con la que se busca asegurar que ninguna NNA o familiar adulto que le protege, carecen de una regular estancia en el país mientras se determina su interés superior.
• El deber de las procuradurías de acompañar, velar y proteger el interés superior y derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes en todo procedimiento administrativo y judicial que les involucre o afecte s, inclusive los de tipo migratorio o de reconocimiento como refugiados.
“Para los años venideros consideramos fundamental seguir trabajando en acciones que fortalezcan y traduzcan en una realidad cotidiana el goce de derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes en movilidad, sin importar su nacionalidad, estatus migratorio o cualquier otra condición similar. “
En ese sentido, KIND destaco las siguientes 5 recomendaciones clave para fortalecer la protección de niñas, niños y adolescentes no acompañados en México:
1. Evitar separaciones injustificadas, la ley requiere que las autoridades prioricen acciones que permitan a los NNA migrantes permanecer junto a sus familiares durante su proceso migratorio o de asilo y coordinar esfuerzos de diversas instituciones para asegurar que la reunificación se realice de manera segura y en beneficio del bienestar emocional y físico de cada NNA, observando siempre su interés superior.
2. Fortalecer la representación coadyuvante oportuna, de calidad y especializada, así como garantizar la participación y el acceso de NNA a despachos pro-bono, organizaciones civiles u otras instituciones públicas (IFDP) o privadas con servicios gratuitos que les brinden información, asistencia y defensa legal en sus procesos administrativos y judiciales.
3. Asegurar que cada niña, niño o adolescente en movilidad cuenta con planes y medidas de calidad y eficaces para proteger y restitución sus derechos, centradas en su interés superior y bienestar.
4. Poner en marcha modelos de cuidado alternativo acordes a los diversos perfiles de la niñez y adolescencia (familias, adolescentes embarazadas), priorizando la preparación a la vida independiente y el fortalecimiento familiar como las familias de acogida y grupos departamento, entre otros modelos.
5. Crear mecanismos, con participación de sociedad civil, que aseguren el acceso, información y participación de la infancia en los procesos de protección especial, a fin de prevenir devoluciones que les ponen en riesgo o vulneran sus derechos y asegurar que se valoren todas las opciones de restitución y protección, incluyendo la permanencia en México y la reunificación o protección en un tercer país.
Si desea obtener más información, podemos ponerle en contacto con Elba Coria Márquez, directora de incidencia de la oficina de KIND en México.
Kids in Need of Defense (KIND) is a global leader in the protection of unaccompanied and separated children. KIND was founded in 2008 by the Microsoft Corporation and Co-Founder and Patron Angelina Jolie to address the gap in legal services for these uniquely vulnerable children. KIND now has offices and staff across the United States, Mexico, and Europe. Our team, and KIND’s extensive network of private sector pro bono and nongovernmental partners provide unaccompanied children with innovative holistic care that includes legal representation and assistance and psychosocial support. www.supportkind.org
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